Bit, Byte (Memory/Information unit)
All data and programs are represented as bits and bytes in storage, memory and transmission.
A Bit is the basic unit in computer information and has only two different values, generally defined as a 0 or 1. These values can be interpreted as "ON or OFF" / "YES or NO" / "TRUE or FALSE" etc. It just depends on the binary code. Bit is short for binary digit.
A Byte is just 8 Bits and is the smallest unit of memory that can be addressed in many computer systems. The following list shows the relationship between all of the different units of data.
kilobyte a unit of memory or data equal to 1,024 bytes.
| 0 (Off) or 1 (On) | = | 1 Bit |
| 8 Bits | = | 1 Byte |
| 1,024 Bytes | = | 1 Kilobyte (KB) |
| 1,024 Kilobytes | = | 1 Megabyte (MB) |
| 1,024 Megabytes | = | 1 Gigabyte (GB) |
| 1,024 Gigabytes | = | 1 Terabyte (TB) |
| 1,024 Terabytes | = | 1 Petabyte (PB) |
| 1,024 Petabytes | = | 1 Exabyte (EB) |
| 1,024 Exabytes | = | 1 Zettabyte (ZB) |
Petabytes is a unit of information equal to one thousand million million (1015) or, strictly, 250 bytes.
Exabytes is a unit of information equal to one quintillion (1018) or, strictly, 260 bytes.
Zettabyte a unit of information equal to one sextillion (1021) or, strictly, 270 bytes.
Computer Languages
A programming language defines a set of instructions that are compiled together to perform a specific task by the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
It is used to tell a computer to carry out a particular task. It is a language which we use to communicate with computers. Programming languages are used to control the performance of the computer or machine.
Usually, programming languages can be classified into a few types, however, these languages support multiple programming style. Every year there are a number of programming languages are implemented, but few languages are becoming very popular which may used by a professional programmer in their career. Classification of programming languages are:
- Low-level language
- High-level language
Low level language
Low-level code is often cryptic and not human-readable. Two common types of low-level programming languages are assembly language and machine language. Low level is when the language is in a more cryptic form, like Assembly or in binary as pure machine code. That is very difficult for ordinary people to use. It is any language in which you handle memory management. Any language where that memory management or garbage collection is done for you, which is now most languages, is considered "high level."
High level language
A high level programming language that allows a programmer to write the programs which are independent of a particular type of computer/machine. The high-level languages are considered as high-level because they are closer to human languages than machine-level languages. Programmers can easily understand or interpret or compile the high level language in comparison of machine. Advantages of a high-level language
- The high-level language is easy to read, write, and maintain as it is written in English like words.
- The high-level languages are designed to overcome the limitation of low-level language, i.e., portability. The high-level language is portable; i.e., these languages are machine-independent.
| Sr.No. | Low Level Language | High Level Language |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | It is a machine friendly language. | It is programmer friendly language. |
| 2. | Low level language is high memory efficient. | High level language is less memory efficient. |
| 3. | It is tough to understand. | It is easy to understand. |
| 4. | It is complex to debug comparatively. | It is simple to debug. |
| 5. | It is complex to maintain comparatively. | It is simple to maintain. |
| 6. | It is non-portable. | It is portable. |
| 7. | It is machine-dependent. | It can run on any platform. |
| 8. | It needs assembler for translation. | It needs compiler or interpreter for translation. |
| 9. | It is not commonly used now-a-days in programming. | It is used widely for programming. |
Programming Concepts
Programming is the process of writing a computer program. A set of instructions in any computer programming language, to solve any given problem is known as Program and the process of writing a program is known as Programming.
Computer programs are collections of instructions that tell a computer how to interact with the user, interact with the computer hardware and process data. The first programmable computers required the programmers to write explicit instructions to directly manipulate the hardware of the computer. This machine language was very tedious to write by hand since even simple tasks such as printing some output on the screen require 10 or 20 machine language commands. Machine language is often referred to as a low level language since the code directly manipulates the hardware of the computer.
A higher level languages such as C, C++, Pascal, Cobol, Fortran, ADA and Java are called compiled languages(Compiler).
(The compiler is a computer program that reads a program written in a high-level language & convert it into machine language code or a lower-level language. Other words, A compiler is a program that translates human-readable source code into the language (low-level or machine code) understandable by the computer's processor (ie, binary 1 and 0 bits). It also reports errors found in the program. The computer further processes the machine codes to perform the specified tasks.)
In a compiled language, the programmer writes more general instructions and a compiler (a special piece of software) automatically translates these high level instructions into machine language. The machine language is then executed by the computer. A large portion of software in use today is programmed in this fashion.
We can contrast compiled programming languages with interpreted programming languages(Interpreter).
(An interpreter is a computer program that is similar as the compiler, but instead of converting an entire program at once, the interpreter
convert each high-level program statement into machine code one by one. This includes the source codes of a high-level language, pre-compiled codes as well as scripts.)
In an interpreted programming language, the statements that the programmer writes are interpreted as the program is running. This means they are translated into machine language on the fly and then execute as the program is running. Some popular interpreted languages include Basic, Visual Basic, Perl, Python, and shell scripting languages such as those found in the UNIX, Linux and MacOS X environment.
Source code
A text listing of commands to be compiled or assembled into an executable computer program. The actual text used to write the instructions for a computer program. This text is then translated into something meaningful the computer can understand.Algorithm
A programming algorithm is a procedure or formula used for solving a problem. They're the building blocks for programming, and they allow things like computers, smartphones, and websites to function and make decisions. In addition to being used by technology, a lot of things we do on a daily basis are similar to algorithms.A set of steps for carrying out a specific task. Algorithms are used extensively in computer programming to arrive at a solution for a problem. The process of creating an algorithm involves documenting all the necessary steps needed to arrive at the solution and how to perform each step. A real world example of an algorithm would be a recipe. The instructions of a typical recipe (add ingredients, mix, stir, etc.) are an algorithm.
Data type
The classification of pieces of information in a program. The amount of different data types varies between languages. Typically, there are data types for integers (whole numbers), floating-point numbers (numbers with a decimal part), and single characters. To distinguish between different data types, a computer uses special internal codes.Variable
In computer programming, variables are used to store information to be referenced and used by programs. A container which represents a value in a program. Variables can store different types of data including numeric values, single characters, and text strings. The value of a variable can change all throughout a program.Constant
Constant is an entity that refers to a fixed value of data and which cannot be modified. During execution/computation of programming, the value of a constant cannot be altered, it remains constant. The most common example which can be considered to understand the concept of a constant is “PI”. PI = 3.1415927.The same thing as a variable with one major difference - the value of a constant does not change, while the value of a variable can change all throughout a program.
Conditional
A set of code that will execute only if a cetain condition is true. Conditionals are used to test expressions and perform certain operations accordingly. For example, you could test a number input by the user and if it is too high print the message "The number entered is to high" and the program exits. Thanks to conditionals, a program can work differently every time it runs.Loop
A segment of code that executes repeatedly based on a certain condition. Loops are used to perform tasks repeatedly a certain amount of times. For example, if you needed to print the numbers 1 to 10. You can use a loop for this task instead of manually printing all the numbers.Function
A set of code used to carry out specific tasks. A function can take parameters which will effect its output as well as return values. Functions prevent unneccesary redundancy because you can use them as much as needed instead of retyping some code over and over. For example, if you need to multiply two numbers, instead of doing the calculation manually every time, you can supply the data to a function through some parameters which will do it for you.Class
A class is used in object-oriented programming to describe one or more objects. It serves as a template for creating, or instantiating, specific objects within a program. While each object is created from a single class, one class can be used to instantiate multiple objects.A template for a real world object to be used in a program. For example, a programmer can create a car class which represents a car. This class can contain the properties of a car (color, model, year, etc.) and functions that specify what the car does (drive, reverse, stop, etc.). Classes are used in object-oriented programming.
Desktop Applications (Software)
Desktop applications runs on a PC operating system (Windows, Mac, Linux, etc.). Desktop Applications are run stand alone on the user’s laptops and systems. The applications installed on the system’s local server known as the desktop applications. It has a graphical user interface. It does not run inside a web browser.
Desktop apps are restricted by the hardware requirements of the device on which they run. There are four main platforms for building desktop apps for Windows PCs. Each platform provides an app model that defines the lifecycle of the app, a complete UI framework and set of UI controls that let you create desktop apps like Word, Excel, and Photoshop...
A desktop developer is a programmer who writes code for software applications that: 1) run natively on operating systems like macOS, Windows, and Linux, 2) don't need to be connected to the internet.
Know more...
Web Applications (Website)
Web application needs an internet connection or some sort of network to work properly. A web application is a client-server program. It means that it has a client-side and a server-side. The term "client" here refers to the program the individual uses to run the application. It is part of the client-server environment, where many computers share information. Web apps are used in HTML5 or CSS and require minimum device memory since they’re run through a browser. The user is redirected on a specific web page, and all information is saved on a server-based database. Web apps require a stable connection to be used.
A web application is application software that runs on a web server, unlike computer-based software programs that are run locally on the operating system of the device. Web applications are accessed by the user through a web browser with an active network connection.
Web Applications include two different sets of programs that run separately yet simultaneously with the shared goal of working harmoniously for delivering solutions. Typically, the two sets of programs include the code in the browser which works as per the inputs of the user and the code in the server which works as per the requests of protocols, the HTTPS. In other words, web developers need to be able to decide on the functions of the code on the server and the functions of the code on the browser and how these two will function in relation to each other.
Know more...
Mobile Apps
Mobile is a growing industry that attracts businesses from every marketplace. A mobile application, most commonly referred to as an app, is a type of application software designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet computer. In order to use a mobile app, you need a smartphone, tablet or another mobile device with internet access. Not all apps work on all mobile devices. Mobile operating systems who have app stores online are Android, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, and BlackBerry from where you can download and install apps on your device.
Even if mobile apps are usually small software units with limited function, they still manage to provide users with quality services and experiences. It may have avoided multitasking because of the limited hardware resources of the early mobile devices, their specificity is now part of their desirability because they allow consumers to hand-pick what their devices are able to do.
JavaScript
- Java Script designed by Netscape Communications and Sun Micro Systems.
- Java Script is a lightweight programming language.
- Java Script is used to add dynamic effects to web pages.
- A JavaScript consists of lines of executable computer code.
- A JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages.
- Java Script is Executed in Client Browser.
- JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page.
- JavaScript can react to events.
- JavaScript can read and write HTML elements.
- JavaScript can be used to validate data.
- JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser.
- JavaScript can be used to create cookies.
Static, Dynamic Pages
Static websites contain fixed number of pages and format of web page is fixed which delivers information to the client. Static Website pages display the exact same information whenever anyone visits it.
Static Website pages do not have to be simple plain text. They can feature detailed multimedia design and even videos. However, every visitor to that page will be greeted by the exact same text, multimedia design or video every time he visits the page until you alter that page's source code. In Static Web Pages, database not used to store or retrieve details.
A dynamic web page is a web page that displays different content each time it’s viewed. Page may change with the time of day or the user that accesses the webpage or the type of user interaction.
Dynamic websites can change the web page contents dynamically while the page is running on client's browser. This kind of websites use server- side programming like PHP, Asp.NET. and JSP etc. to modify page contents on run time. Dynamic websites use client side scripting for prepare dynamic design and server- side code to handle event, manage session and cookies, and storing and retrieving data from database. Dynamic Website pages are capable of producing different content for different visitors from the same source code file.
Example E-commerce sites, online form application, E-governance site, social networking sites etc.
| Static Web Page | Dynamic Web Page |
|---|---|
| In static web pages, Pages will remain same until someone changes it manually. | In dynamic web pages, Content of pages are different for different visitors. |
| Static Web Pages are simple in terms of complexity. | Dynamic web pages are complicated. |
| In static web pages the theme and content of web pages remained fixed | In dynamic web pages they changed according to run time. |
| Prebuilt content is same every time the page is loaded. | Content is generated quickly and changes regularly. |
| The codes are fixed for each page so the information contained in the page does not change and it looks like a printed page. | Dynamic website uses client-side scripting or server-side scripting/coding, or both to generate dynamic content, so it looks different for different user. |
| Static Web Page takes less time for loading than dynamic web page. | Dynamic web page takes more time for loading. |
| In static Web Pages, database is not used. | In dynamic web pages, database is used for storing and retrieving the data. |
| Ex. http://www.drkiranfishworld.in/contactus.aspx | http://drsantoshkharat.com/contactus.aspx
A good example of a dynamic website would be Google itself, which updates the information it displays on the front page based on user query. Google |
Comments
Post a Comment